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Last updated: 13 November 2026

What Are Characteristics of Vacuum Tubes Apparatus?

Characteristics of Vacuum Tubes apparatus are panel units on which students plot the curves of thermionic valves and gas-filled tubes in physics and electronics practicals. Each unit carries its own supplies, and most have meters and the valve circuit on the panel. The range covers the diode valve, work function by Richardson's equation, triode, tetrode and pentode characteristics, the thyratron, the ionization potential of mercury and the VR tube. It also holds one op amp breadboard trainer. JLab (Jain Laboratory Instruments Pvt Ltd), Ambala, India, makes the 8 items listed here.

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Which Apparatus Are in the Characteristics of Vacuum Tubes Range?

Group	Items	What it covers
Diode Valve and Thermionic Emission	2	Plate V-I curve of a vacuum diode with a 0–300 V regulated supply, and the work function of a diode cathode by Richardson's equation.
Triode, Tetrode and Pentode Valves	2	Plate and mutual characteristics of an ECC82 triode, and plate and screen characteristics of a 6SJ7 tetrode and pentode valve.
Gas-Filled Tubes	3	Thyratron characteristics at various grid voltages, the ionization potential from a thyratron curve, and the voltage regulator (VR) tube.
Op Amp Breadboard Trainer	1	A breadboard kit with variable and ±15 V supplies, a signal source and meters for building op amp circuits.

Compare Vacuum Tube Apparatus by Valve and Supply

Each table sets the items of one group side by side, as stated on each product page. Sizes are in inches; 10 x 8 x 4 in is about 25 x 20 x 10 cm and 18 x 7.5 x 5.5 in is about 46 x 19 x 14 cm.

Diode Valve and Thermionic Emission (2)

Apparatus	Experiment	Valve	Built-in supplies	Meters	Size (in)
Diode Valve Characteristics Apparatus	V-I characteristics of a diode valve	Diode valve	0–300 V DC / 30 mA regulated; 6.3 V AC / 1 A	Two	10 x 8 x 4
Work Function of Diode and Richardson's Equation Kit	Work function of a diode cathode by Richardson's equation	Diode valve, supplied	Power supply, supplied with the kit	Three	Not listed

Triode, Tetrode and Pentode Valves (2)

Apparatus	Experiment	Valve	Built-in supplies	Meters	Size (in)
Triode Valve Characteristics Apparatus with Stabilized Power Supply	V-I characteristics of a triode at various grid voltages	ECC82	Type TE-3: 0–300 V DC / 30 mA; 0–25 V; 6.3 V AC / 1 A	Three round	11 x 7.5 x 5.5
Tetrode and Pentode Valve Characteristics Apparatus with Stabilized Power Supply	Plate and screen characteristics of tetrode and pentode valves	6SJ7	0–300 V / 50 mA; 25 V DC / 25 mA; 6.3 V AC / 1 A	Five round	18 x 7.5 x 5.5

Gas-Filled Tubes (3)

Apparatus	Experiment	Valve	Built-in supplies	Meters	Size (in)
Thyratron Valve Characteristics Apparatus	V-I characteristics of a thyratron at various grid voltages	Thyratron	Two regulated: 10 V / 300 µA; 0–25 V DC / 250 mA	Not listed	11 x 8 x 4
Ionization Potential of Mercury	Ionization potential from the V-I curve of a thyratron	Thyratron	0–3 V DC / 50 mA; 6.3 V AC; 0–25 V / 500 mA	Two	13 x 8 x 5
V R Tube Characteristics	Characteristics of a voltage regulator tube	Cold-cathode VR tube on a base	Power supply, supplied	Not listed	Not listed

Op Amp Breadboard Trainer (1)

Kit	Variable DC supplies	Fixed DC supply	Signal outputs	Breadboard	Meters
Operational Amplifier kit BREAD BOARD TYPE	Three, 0–5 V DC regulated	±15 V DC regulated	Sine, square and triangular	Two main strips and two distribution strips	Two dual-range

How to Choose Vacuum Tube Apparatus for Your Lab

Start from the practical list. Each panel serves one valve experiment. Match each practical in the syllabus to a panel in the practicals table, then plan one panel for each student group.
Diode curve or work function. The diode valve apparatus plots the plate V-I curve with its own 0–300 V supply and two meters. The Richardson's equation kit has three meters for saturation current and cathode temperature work.
Triode or multi-grid valve. The triode panel uses an ECC82 and three meters for plate and mutual curves. The tetrode and pentode panel uses a 6SJ7 and five meters, so plate and screen currents can be read together.
Vacuum or gas-filled. The thyratron, ionization potential and VR tube units use gas-filled tubes. Choose them when the course covers firing voltage, ionization or voltage regulation rather than amplification.
Fixed panel or breadboard. The valve units have the circuit fixed on the panel. The op amp kit is a breadboard trainer for building a series of op amp circuits; panel op amp trainers sit in a separate range.

Practicals Covered by the Characteristics of Vacuum Tubes Range

Practical	Apparatus
Plate V-I characteristics of a diode valve, space charge and saturation regions	Diode Valve Characteristics Apparatus
Dynamic plate resistance of a diode valve	Diode Valve Characteristics Apparatus
Work function of a cathode by Richardson's equation	Work Function of Diode and Richardson's Equation Kit
Plate and mutual characteristics of a triode	Triode Valve Characteristics Apparatus with Stabilized Power Supply
Plate resistance, transconductance and amplification factor of a triode	Triode Valve Characteristics Apparatus with Stabilized Power Supply
Plate and screen characteristics of a tetrode and a pentode	Tetrode and Pentode Valve Characteristics Apparatus with Stabilized Power Supply
Characteristics of a thyratron at various grid voltages	Thyratron Valve Characteristics Apparatus
Ionization potential from a thyratron V-I curve	Ionization Potential of Mercury
Characteristics of a voltage regulator tube	V R Tube Characteristics
Op amp inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, adder, integrator and comparator	Operational Amplifier kit BREAD BOARD TYPE

Who Uses Vacuum Tube Apparatus?

Physics departments of colleges and universities use the valve panels in degree-level electronics and thermionic emission practicals. Polytechnics and engineering institutes use them to teach how valves and gas-filled tubes work before moving to semiconductor devices.

Ordering, Minimum Quantity and Dispatch

Point	Detail
Minimum order quantity	10 units of each item, as shown on its product page
Pack quantity	Each item is sold individually
Dispatch time	Usually 7–10 working days
How to enquire	Use Add To Cart on a product page, or send the apparatus names and quantities through the contact page
Tenders and OEM supply	Send the schedule through the tender enquiry page
Manufacturer	JLab (Jain Laboratory Instruments Pvt Ltd), Ambala, India

Related Ranges in Scientific Instruments

Characteristics of Vacuum Tubes is one of 22 subcategories of the Scientific Instrument range. These neighbouring ranges carry on from the valve practicals.

Range	How it relates
Semiconductor Devices	The solid-state versions of the same curves: diode, zener, transistor, FET, SCR, diac and triac panels.
E M Apparatus	e/m of the electron by Thomson, helical, magnetic focusing and magnetron methods, and Millikan's oil drop apparatus.
Power Supplies and Transformers	Includes power supplies for diode, triode, and tetrode and pentode valve experiments, and a high voltage power supply.
Characteristics Operational Amplifiers	Panel op amp trainers for inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, comparators, converters and instrumentation amplifiers.
Optoelectronic Devices	Photo cells, Planck's constant apparatus and a photo multiplier tube for photoelectric practicals.
Verification of Various Laws and Conservation of Signal	Includes flashing and quenching of a neon lamp, another gas discharge practical.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the three triode constants and how are they related?
Plate resistance is the change in plate voltage per change in plate current at fixed grid voltage. Transconductance is the change in plate current per change in grid voltage. The amplification factor equals plate resistance multiplied by transconductance, which students check from their own curves.

Why does the diode valve curve level off at high plate voltage?
At low plate voltage the cloud of electrons near the cathode, the space charge, limits the current. As the voltage rises the plate collects every electron the cathode emits, and the current saturates. A hotter cathode gives a higher saturation current.

Why should students wait after changing the filament setting?
The cathode takes time to reach a steady temperature, and emission changes sharply with temperature. Readings taken too soon drift. In the work function practical, change the cathode temperature in small steps and note the saturation current only when the meter has settled.

Why does the tetrode plate curve show a dip?
At low plate voltage, electrons striking the plate knock out secondary electrons, and the more positive screen grid collects them. The plate current falls while the screen current rises. In a pentode the suppressor grid returns these electrons to the plate, so the dip disappears.

How does a gas-filled tube behave differently from a vacuum valve?
A vacuum valve controls its current smoothly. In a thyratron the grid only sets the voltage at which the gas ionizes and the tube fires; after that the grid loses control. A VR tube conducts at a set voltage and then holds that voltage nearly steady as the current changes.

What precautions protect the valves during practicals?
Run the heater only at its rated 6.3 V, keep plate current within the meter range, and raise the plate voltage in steps. Switch off before changing connections, because the plate supply reaches 300 V. Let a hot valve cool before handling it.

Request a Quote

Name each apparatus and the number of sets you need, for example ten Triode Valve Characteristics Apparatus and ten Thyratron Valve Characteristics Apparatus. Then send the request from the contact page.